In his influential 2010 book, ,
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Literature review Early methods privileged translation for reading and grammar practice; critiques focused on limited speaking/listening development. Contemporary studies (e.g., Cook 2010; Tymoczko 2006; Robinson 2011) show that translation tasks—especially those that are communicative and collaborative—improve noticing (Schmidt, 1990), support lexical depth, and facilitate cross-linguistic transfer. Meta-analytic findings are mixed but indicate positive effects when translation is combined with feedback and meaningful output tasks. Translation in Language Teaching In his influential 2010